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Mathilde Bensaude was born Mathilde Simone Rachel Pauline Bensaude in 1890 in Portugal. Her father was the wealthy and prominent engineer Alfredo Bensaude, who founded Portugal's ''Instituto Superior Tecnico'' in Lisbon. Her mother, Jane Oulman Bensaude was a French author of children's books. Mathilde Bensaude was an internationally known mycologist and plant pathologist whose pioneering doctoral thesis at the Sorbonne first showed heterothallism in the Basidiomycetes. Bensaúde is also a major pioneer in the field of Plant Pathology in Portugal, and founded Portugal’s Plant Quarantine Services and is one of the founders of the Portugal Society of Biology. ==Heterothallism in the Basidiomycetes== Having been exposed to agricultural problems through the tobacco plantation that her father inherited,〔Jones, Edith Seymour. (1972). Mathilde Bensaude (1890–1969). Phytopathology. 62(11), pp. 1229.〕 Bensaude was broadly trained in several fields of biology including embryology, protozoology, histology, zoology, and evolution. She received undergraduate training at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland in the physical and natural sciences. Bensaude's graduate training was in the Sorbonne in Paris. The outbreak of World War I in Europe prompted Bensaude to leave Paris and return to Portugal at the urging of her father (Mota, 2008). She eventually returned to Paris and resumed her doctoral thesis in mycology, specifically the mysterious origin of the binucleate stage in basidiomycete mycelia. Her findings were published in 1917 as a brief paper, “''Sexuality in the Basidiomycete Fungi''”〔Bensaude, M. (1918). Recherches sur le cycle évolutif et la sexualité chez les basidiomycètes. Nemours: H. Bouloy.〕 and in the subsequent “''Research in the evolutionary cycle and sexuality of Basidiomycetes''.” Prior to Bensaude's work, heterothallism had already been described in lower fungi, the Zygomycetes, by Albert Francis Blakeslee, published in Science (1904). Blakeslee reported that zygospores were only formed by a thallus with two different types of basidia, which were given +/- designations. Bensaude's thesis described the formation of clamp connections in the diploid thallus of ''Coprinus fimetarius syn. Coprinopsis cinerea'', and the homology between the hook of ascogenous hyphae and clamp connections. Bensaude’s report of heterothallism in basidiomycetes was met with some doubt as heterothallism was assumed not to occur in higher fungi (Jones, 1972). German botanist Hans Kniep, unaware of Bensaude’s work due to the chaos of World War I in Europe,〔Ainsworth, G. C. (1976). Introduction to the History of Mycology (p. 359). Cambridge University Press.〕 presented identical findings 2 years after Bensaude’s thesis in 1920. Kniep’s detailed work corroborated Bensaude's, with both studies contributing major insights into the mating behavior of higher fungi. Kniep, Arthur Henry Reginald Buller, and Buller’s students went on to further study fungal mating systems and behavior (Ainsworth, 1976). Buller in his ''Researches in Fungi'' (1958) wrote a dedication to Bensaude for her significant contributions to the cytological behavior of fungi. Bensaude went on to make significant contributions to the field of plant pathology, particularly in the treatment and prevention of plant diseases in Portugal. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mathilde Bensaude」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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